{"ikmk_id":"441","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Valentinianus I.","inventory_number":"MR160","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/mk-marburg.ikmk.net\/object?id=ID441","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":66,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/66","publisher_name":"Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-158114","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-158114","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-158114\/ID441","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.uni-marburg.de\/fb06\/archaeologie","author":"Simon, Michelle"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"66","owner_name":"Marburg, Arch\u00e4ologisches Seminar der Philipps-Universit\u00e4t","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-158114","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-158114","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/mk-marburg.ikmk.net","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/uni-marburg","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/66","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"1112","nominal_de":"Solidus","nominal_en":"Solidus","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/solidus","nominal_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4813593-8","info_de":"Sp\u00e4tantike Goldm\u00fcnze (eigentlich aureus solidus, \u201evollkommene\u201c, \u201emassive\u201c Goldm\u00fcnze). Durch Constantinus I. 309 n. Chr. zun\u00e4chst in Trier eingef\u00fchrte Hauptm\u00fcnze der Sp\u00e4tantike und des byzantinischen Mittelalters (dort als chrysion Nomisma bezeichnet). Ab 324 n. Chr. das alleinige volle Goldnominal im R\u00f6mischen Reich. Bei gleich bleibender Feinheit im Gewicht von 1\/72 des Pfundes oder 4 scripulae gepr\u00e4gt (also ca. 4,55 g). Entsprach 24 Siliquen. Im 6. Jh. wurden sowohl schwere Solidi (zu 24 Siliquen) als auch leichte (zu 22 bzw. 21 Siliquen) ausgegeben. Vom Solidus wurden auch Mehrfachst\u00fccke (siehe Multipla) und Teilst\u00fccke (siehe Semis\/Semissis und Triens\/Tremissis) hergestellt. Die sprachliche Unterscheidung von Solidus und Aureus ist eine moderne. Auch die Goldst\u00fccke entsprechenden Gewichts des fr\u00fchen Mittelalters werden als Solidi bezeichnet. In Byzanz l\u00f6ste 1093 das Hyperpyron den Solidus nach \u00fcber 700 Jahren ab.\r\n\r\nLit.: F. von Schr\u00f6tter, W\u00f6rterbuch der M\u00fcnzkunde (1930) 642 f. s. v. Solidus.","info_en":"","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/nominal\/1112"},"date_last":"2022-12-11 17:52:21","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/muenzstand\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"75","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/75","country_name_de":"T\u00fcrkei","country_name_en":"Turkey","country_nomisma_id":"","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/298795","ikmk_region_id":"382","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/382","region_name":"Bithynien","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/bithynia","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"946","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/946","mint_name":"Nikomedia (Izmit)","mint_name_de":"Nikomedia (Izmit)","mint_name_en":"Nicomedia (Izmit)","mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/nicomedia","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/745028"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"3","material_name_de":"Gold","material_name_en":"Gold","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/av","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/3"},"diameter":"21 mm","die_axis":"6 h","weight":"4.17 g","accession":"","access_year":"2017","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"3","access_type_name":"Schenkung","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4052258-1","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/zugangsart\/3"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":null,"avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"D N VALENTINI-ANVS P F AVG","image_description":"Drapierte Panzerb\u00fcste des Valentinianus I. mit Rosettendiadem mit drei B\u00e4ndern in der Brustansicht n. r.","foto_date":"2017-09-19","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"1","photographer_name":"Martina Klein","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/mk-marburg.ikmk.net\/image\/ID441\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/mk-marburg.ikmk.net\/image\/ID441\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/441\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/mk-marburg.ikmk.net\/image\/ID441\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/mk-marburg.ikmk.net\/image\/ID441\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1542375716,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Marburg, Arch\u00e4ologisches Seminar der Philipps-Universit\u00e4t, ID441. Aufnahme durch Martina Klein.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Marburg, Arch\u00e4ologisches Seminar der Philipps-Universit\u00e4t, ID441. Photographs by Martina Klein."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"RESTITVTOR - REI PVBLICAE \/\/ SMNS","image_description":"Valentinianus in Vorderansicht, ger\u00fcstet und mit Mantel und blickt n. r. und h\u00e4lt in der l. Hand eine Kaiserstandarte (labarum), in der ausgestreckten r. Hand eine Victoria mit Siegeskranz, Perlkreis.","foto_date":"2017-09-19","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"1","photographer_name":"Martina Klein","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/mk-marburg.ikmk.net\/image\/ID441\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/mk-marburg.ikmk.net\/image\/ID441\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/441\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/mk-marburg.ikmk.net\/image\/ID441\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/mk-marburg.ikmk.net\/image\/ID441\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1542375737,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Marburg, Arch\u00e4ologisches Seminar der Philipps-Universit\u00e4t, ID441. Aufnahme durch Martina Klein.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Marburg, Arch\u00e4ologisches Seminar der Philipps-Universit\u00e4t, ID441. Photographs by Martina Klein."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"15","subdivision_name_de":"R\u00f6mische Sp\u00e4tantike","subdivision_name_en":"Roman Late Antiquity"},"literatur":"RIC IX S. 250 Nr. 2b (25. Febr. 364-24. Aug. 367 n. Chr.).","comment":"Auf der Vs. im unteren Bereich zwei gleichm\u00e4\u00dfig angeordnete dunkle Verf\u00e4rbungen, Hinweis auf eine fr\u00fchere Aufbewahrung\/Ausstellung in Vitrine?\r\nMehrere kleine Kratzer und Kanten im \u00e4u\u00dferen Bereich.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"10","name_de":"R\u00f6mische Sp\u00e4tantike","name_en":null,"description_de":"ab 284 n. 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Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4124227-0","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"46","timeline_item":"Von 293 bis zum Ende des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.","description":"Die Regierungszeit des Diocletianus und seiner Mitherrscher (284-305 n. Chr.) ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Neuordnung des Staatswesens: Neue M\u00fcnzsorten wie der Nummus (Follis), der Argenteus und der auf 1\/60 des Pfundes festgesetzte Aureus werden eingef\u00fchrt und in ein festes Wechselverh\u00e4ltnis gesetzt. Diese Ma\u00dfnahmen k\u00f6nnen die Verschlechterung des Geldes nur f\u00fcr kurze Zeit aufhalten. Constantinus I. (306-337) f\u00fchrt mit dem Solidus eine neue Gold- sowie mit Siliqua und Miliarense neue Silberm\u00fcnzen ein; die Bronzenominale unterliegen ebenfalls bereits einer Abwertung. Insgesamt wird aber zur Mitte des 4. Jhs. eine Tendenz zur Goldw\u00e4hrung deutlich. Neue Goldminen werden erschlossen und h\u00f6here St\u00fcckzahlen gepr\u00e4gt. Vom Bronzegeld werden bald in schneller Folge verschiedene Sorten ausgegeben, denen es aber durchweg an dauerhaftem Geldwert mangelt. So wird das Bronzegeld abermals um 348 reformiert, auch Iulianus (genannt Apostata, reg. 361-363) versucht sich in der Einf\u00fchrung eines neuen, gro\u00dfen Bronzenominales. Zum Ende der 360er Jahre wird die regelhafte Kennzeichnung der Solidi als Feingold (OB = Obryzum) verpflichend. Ihre Entsprechung beim Silbergeld ist das K\u00fcrzel PS = pusulatum. Auch nimmt die Bedeutung der silbernen Siliquen immer mehr ab.  F\u00fcr die Bildsprache der M\u00fcnzen seit der Tetrarchie ist die Betonung der absoluten Stellung des Kaisers als Dominus (\u201eHerr\u201c) charakteristisch.","year_from":"293","year_until":"400","autor":"Dahmen, Karsten"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}